Transformer

Transformer Object

The Transfomer is implemented as a multi-terminal (two or more) power delivery element.

A transfomer consists of two or more Windings, connected in somewhat arbitrary fashion (with a default Wye-Delta connection). You can specify the parameters one winding at a time or use arrays to set all the winding values at once. Use the "wdg=…" parameter to select a winding for editing.

Note that you can define an XfmrCode object to define a Transformer object. This will same some coding in large circuits where many transformers are identical.

Transformers have one or more phases. The number of conductors per terminal is always one more than the number of phases. For wye- or star-connected windings, the extra conductor is the neutral point. For delta-connected windings, the extra terminal is open internally (you normally leave this connected to node 0).

Properties, in order, are:

Phases	Number of phases. Default is 3.
Windings	Number of windings. Default is 2.

For defining the winding values one winding at a time, use the following parameters. Always start the winding definition with "wdg = …" when using this method of defining transformer parameters. The remainder of the tags are optional as usual if you keep them in order.

Wdg	Integer representing the winding which will become the active winding for subsequent data.
Bus	Definition for the connection of this winding (each winding is connected to one terminal of the transformer and, hence, to one bus).
Conn	Connection of this winding. One of {wye \| ln} for wye connected banks or {delta \| ll} for delta (line-line) connected banks. Default is wye.
Kv	Rated voltage of this winding, kV. For transformers designated 2- or 3-phase, enter phase-to-phase kV. For all other designations, enter actual winding kV rating. Two-phase transfomers are assumed to be employed in a 3-phase system. Default is 12.47 kV.
Kva	Base kVA rating (OA rating) of this winding.
Tap	Per unit tap on which this winding is set.
%R	Percent resistance of this winding on the rated kVA base. (Reactance is between two windings and is specified separately -- see below.)
rneut	Neutral resistance to ground in ohms for this winding. Ignored if delta winding. For open ungrounded neutral, set to a negative number. Default is –1 (capable of being ungrounded). The DSS defaults to connecting the neutral to node 0 at a bus, so it will still be ground when the system Y is built. To make the neutral floating, explicitly connect it to an unused node at the bus, e.g., Bus=Busname.1.2.3.4, when node 4 will be the explicit neutral node.
xneut	Neutral reactance in ohms for this winding. Ignored if delta winding. Assumed to be in series with neutral resistance. Default is 0.

Use the following properties to set the winding values using arrays (setting of wdg= … is ignored). The names of these properties are simply the plural form of the property name above.

Buses	Array of bus definitions for windings [1, 2. …].
Conns	Array of winding connections for windings [1, 2. …].
KVs	Array of kV ratings following rules stated above for the kV field for windings [1,2,…].
KVAs	Array of base kVA ratings for windings [1,2,…].
Taps	Array of per unit taps for windings [1,2,…].
%Rs	Array of percent resistances for windings [1, 2. …]

Use the following propertis to define the reactances of the transformer. For 2- and 3-winding transformers, you may use the conventional XHL, XLT, and XHT (or X12, X23, X13) parameters. You may also put the values in an array (xscarray), which is required for higher phase order transformers. There are always n*(n-1)/2 different short circuit reactances, where n is the number of windings. Always use the kVA base of the first winding for entering impedances. Impedance values are entered in percent.

XHL (or X12)	Percent reactance high-to-low (winding 1 to winding 2).
XLT (or X23)	Percent reactance low-to-tertiary (winding 2 to winding 3).
XHT (or X13)	Percent reactance high-to-tertiary (winding 1 to winding 3).
XscArray	Array of n*(n-1)/2 short circuit reactances in percent on the first winding's kVA base. "n" is number of windings. Order is (12, 13, 14, …1n, 23, 24, … 34, …)

General transformer rating data:

Thermal	Thermal time constant, hrs. Default is 2.
n	Thermal exponent, n, from IEEE/ANSI C57. Default is 0.8.
m	Thermal exponent, m, from IEEE/ANSI C57. Default is 0.8.
flrise	Full-load temperature rise, degrees centigrade. Default is 65.
hsrise	Hot-spot temperatire rise, degrees centigrade. Default is 15.
%Loadloss	Percent Losses at rated load.. Causes the %r values to be set for windings 1 and 2.
%Noloadloss	Percent No load losses at nominal voltage. Default is 0. Causes a resistive branch to be added in parallel with the magnetizing inductance.
%imag	Percent magnetizing current. Default is 0. An inductance is used to represent the magnetizing current. This is embedded within the transformer model as the primitive Y matrix is being computed.
Ppm_Antifloat	Parts per million (PPM) for anti floating reactance to be connected from each terminal to ground. Default is 1. That is, the diagonal of the primitive Y matrix is increased by an amount equal to rated kVA/1.0e6. Prevents a singular matrix if delta winding left floating. Zig-Zag transformers are also susceptible to this. Set this to zero if you don’t need it and the resulting impedance to ground is affecting the results. Is inconsequential for most cases. Can be negative to represent capacitive ground, if you prefer (but you can create unintentional resonances at very high frequencies.)
NormHKVA	Normal maximum kVA rating for H winding (1). Usually 100 - 110% of maximum nameplate rating.
EmergHKVA	Emergency maximum kVA rating for H winding (1). Usually 140 - 150% of maximum nameplate rating. This is the amount of loading that will cause 1% loss of life in one day.
Sub	Yes/No. Flag that designates whether this transformer is to be treated as a substation. Default is No. Allows substations to show up differently on circuit plots.
MaxTap	Max per unit tap for the active winding. Default is 1.10
MinTap	Min per unit tap for the active winding. Default is 0.90
NumTaps	Total number of taps between min and max tap. Default is 32 (16 raise and 16 lower taps about the neutral position). The neutral position is not counted.
SubName	Substation Name. Optional. Default is null. If specified, printed on plots
Bank	Name of the bank this transformer is part of, for CIM, MultiSpeak, and other industry database interfaces.
XfmrCode	Name of a library entry of the XfmrCode class for transformer properties. The named XfmrCode must already be defined. You can use this instead of the properties of the same name in the Transformer class.
XRConst	{Yes\|No*} Default is NO. Signifies whether or not the X/R is assumed contant for harmonic studies, a common assumption. Note: You may also insert a frequency-dependent Reactor object in series with the transformer to impart frequency-dependent characteristics.
LeadLag	{Lead \| Lag (default) \| ANSI (default) \| Euro } Designation in mixed Delta-wye connections signifying the relationship between HV to LV winding. Default is ANSI 30 deg lag, e.g., Dy1 of Yd1 vector group. To get typical European Dy11 connection, specify either "lead" or "Euro".
Seasons	Defines the number of ratings to be defined for the transformer, to be used only when defining seasonal ratings using the "Ratings" property.
Ratings	An array of ratings to be used when the seasonal ratings flag is True. It can be used to insert multiple ratings to change during a QSTS simulation to evaluate different ratings in transformers. Is given in kVA.

Inherited Properties:

FaultRate	Failure rate for transformer. Defaults to 0.007 per year. All are considered permanent.
Basefreq	Base frequency, Hz. Default is 60.0
Like	Name of another Transformer object on which to base this one.

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